Criteria The Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal was created General Orders of the Navy Department and approved by Congress to recognize naval operations in Nicaragua between the dates of August 27, 1926 and Janu... The Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal was created General Orders of the Navy Department and approved by Congress to recognize naval operations in Nicaragua between the dates of August 27, 1926 and January 2, 1933. To be awarded the Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal, a service member must have either served on a United States ship, or as an embarked Marine, in the waters or land territory of Nicaragua during the aforementioned dates. MoreHide
Description From 1925 to 1927 Rear Adm. Julian Lane Latimer was commander of the Special Service Squadron, a collection of five old, slow cruisers, based in Panama for patrolling Central American waters. During L... From 1925 to 1927 Rear Adm. Julian Lane Latimer was commander of the Special Service Squadron, a collection of five old, slow cruisers, based in Panama for patrolling Central American waters. During Latimer's duty with the squadron, U.S. Marines landed in Nicaragua to begin the second intervention.
Feb 9, 1927 -- Rear Admiral Julian L. Latimer, commander of the Special Service Squadron operating off the coast of Nicaragua, ordered the marines to take control of the Corinto-Managua railway to prevent it from being disrupted by the civil war. This was accomplished by detachments from the cruisers USS Galveston (C 17), USS Milwaukee (C 21) and USS Raleigh (CL 7).
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Description The United States occupation of Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933 was part of the Banana Wars, when American troops forcefully intervened with various Latin American countries from 1898 to 1934. The formal The United States occupation of Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933 was part of the Banana Wars, when American troops forcefully intervened with various Latin American countries from 1898 to 1934. The formal occupation began in 1912, even though there were various other assaults by the U.S. in Nicaragua throughout this period. American military interventions in Nicaragua were designed to stop any other nation except the United States of America from building a Nicaraguan Canal.
Nicaragua assumed a quasi-protectorate status under the 1916 Bryan–Chamorro Treaty. But with the onset of the Great Depression and Augusto C. Sandino's Nicaraguan guerrilla troops fighting back against U.S. troops, it became too costly for the U.S. government and a withdrawal was ordered in 1933.... More
Memories From 1925 to 1927 Rear Adm. Julian Lane Latimer was commander of the Special Service Squadron, a colFrom 1925 to 1927 Rear Adm. Julian Lane Latimer was commander of the Special Service Squadron, a collection of five old, slow cruisers, based in Panama for patrolling Central American waters. During Latimer's duty with the squadron, U.S. Marines landed in Nicaragua to begin the second intervention.
Feb 9, 1927 -- Rear Admiral Julian L. Latimer, commander of the Special Service Squadron operating off the coast of Nicaragua, ordered the marines to take control of the Corinto-Managua railway to prevent it from being disrupted by the civil war. This was accomplished by detachments from the cruisers USS Galveston (C 17), USS Milwaukee (C 21) and USS Raleigh (CL 7). ... More
Chain of Command
From 1925 to 1927 Rear Adm. Julian Lane Latimer was commander of the Special Service Squadron, a collection of five old, slow cruisers, based in Panama for patrolling Central American waters. During Latimer's duty with the squadron, U.S. Marines landed in Nicaragua to begin the second intervention.
Other Memories
Feb 9, 1927 -- Rear Admiral Julian L. Latimer, commander of the Special Service Squadron operating off the coast of Nicaragua, ordered the marines to take control of the Corinto-Managua railway to prevent it from being disrupted by the civil war. This was accomplished by detachments from the cruisers USS Galveston (C 17), USS Milwaukee (C 21) and USS Raleigh (CL 7).
Chain of Command
1920-1921 CAPT Julian L. Latimer 10 August 1920
Other Memories
Ninth Naval District
The boundaries of the Ninth Naval District, headquartered at the Lake Training Station in Lake Bluff, Illinois, were established on 7 May 1903 in accordance with General Order No. 128, signed by Acting Secretary of the Navy Charles H. Darling. In 1911 the district was activated as part of an administrative unit called the "Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Naval Districts." In 1920 the district became a separate entity with its own district staff. In 1945 the district, headquartered at what was now known as Great Lakes Naval Training Station in Illinois, consisted of the following geographic areas: Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. The Ninth Naval District was disestablished on 30 June 1979 and its functions transferred to the Fourth, Eighth, Eleventh and Thirteenth Naval Districts.
Criteria The Navy Cross may be awarded to any person who, while serving with the Navy or Marine Corps, distinguishes himself in action by extraordinary heroism not justifying an award of the Medal of Honor.... The Navy Cross may be awarded to any person who, while serving with the Navy or Marine Corps, distinguishes himself in action by extraordinary heroism not justifying an award of the Medal of Honor. MoreHide
Comments The Navy Cross is awarded to Captain Julian L. Latimer, U.S. Navy, for exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility as commanding officer of the U.S.S. Rhode Island, in the Atla... The Navy Cross is awarded to Captain Julian L. Latimer, U.S. Navy, for exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility as commanding officer of the U.S.S. Rhode Island, in the Atlantic Fleet. MoreHide
Criteria The World War I Victory Medal was awarded for military service during the First World War. It was awarded for active service between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918; for service with the American... The World War I Victory Medal was awarded for military service during the First World War. It was awarded for active service between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918; for service with the American Expeditionary Forces in European Russia between November 12, 1918, and August 5, 1919; or for service with the American Expeditionary Forces in Siberia between November 23, 1918, and April 1, 1920. MoreHide
Description
He served in Cuban waters during the Spanish-Cuban/American War and commanded the battleship RHODE ISLAND patrolling the Atlantic coast during World War I. He was made admiral in 1923.
Chain of Command
Latimer, Julian L. Captain, U.S. Navy Commanding Officer, U.S.S. Rhode Island Date Of Action: World War I
Citation: The Navy Cross is awarded to Captain Julian L. Latimer, U.S. Navy, for exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility as commanding officer of the U.S.S. Rhode Island, in the Atlantic Fleet.
Description The United States of America declared war on the German Empire on April 6, 1917. The U.S. was an independent power and did not officially join the Allies. It closely cooperated with them militarily buThe United States of America declared war on the German Empire on April 6, 1917. The U.S. was an independent power and did not officially join the Allies. It closely cooperated with them militarily but acted alone in diplomacy. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General John J. Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), arrived in large numbers on the Western Front in the summer of 1918. They played a major role until victory was achieved on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. During the war, the U.S mobilized over 4 million military personnel and suffered 110,000 deaths, including 43,000 due to the influenza pandemic. The war saw a dramatic expansion of the United States government in an effort to harness the war effort and a significant increase in the size of the U.S. military. After a slow start in mobilising the economy and labour force, by spring 1918 the nation was poised to play a role in the conflict. Under the leadership of President Woodrow Wilson, the war represented the climax of the Progressive Era as it sought to bring reform and democracy to the world, although there was substantial public opposition to United States entry into the war.
Although the United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, it did not initially declare war on the other Central Powers, a state of affairs that Woodrow Wilson described as an "embarrassing obstacle" in his State of the Union speech. Congress declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire on December 17, 1917, but never made declarations of war against the other Central Powers, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire or the various Co-belligerents allied with the central powers, thus the United States remained uninvolved in the military campaigns in central, eastern and southern Europe, the Middle East, the Caucasus, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
The United States as late as 1917 maintained only a small army, smaller than thirteen of the nations and empires already active in the war. After the passage of the Selective Service Act in 1917, it drafted 2.8 million men into military service. By the summer of 1918 about a million U.S. soldiers had arrived in France, about half of whom eventually saw front-line service; by the Armistice of November 11 approximately 10,000 fresh soldiers were arriving in France daily. In 1917 Congress gave U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans when they were drafted to participate in World War I, as part of the Jones Act. In the end Germany miscalculated the United States' influence on the outcome of the conflict, believing it would be many more months before U.S. troops would arrive and overestimating the effectiveness of U-boats in slowing the American buildup.
The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet, destroyers to Queenstown, Ireland and submarines to help guard convoys. Several regiments of Marines were also dispatched to France. The British and French wanted U.S. units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not to waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies. The U.S. rejected the first proposition and accepted the second. General John J. Pershing, American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) commander, refused to break up U.S. units to serve as mere reinforcements for British Empire and French units. As an exception, he did allow African-American combat regiments to fight in French divisions. The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division, earning a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and Séchault.
Impact of US forces on the war
On the battlefields of France in spring 1918, the war-weary Allied armies enthusiastically welcomed the fresh American troops. They arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day, at a time when the Germans were unable to replace their losses. After British Empire, French and Portuguese forces had defeated and turned back the powerful final German offensive (Spring Offensive of March to July, 1918), the Americans played a role in the Allied final offensive (Hundred Days Offensive of August to November). However, many American commanders used the same flawed tactics which the British, French, Germans and others had abandoned early in the war, and so many American offensives were not particularly effective. Pershing continued to commit troops to these full- frontal attacks, resulting in high casualties against experienced veteran German and Austrian-Hungarian units. Nevertheless, the infusion of new and fresh U.S. troops greatly strengthened the Allies' strategic position and boosted morale. The Allies achieved victory over Germany on November 11, 1918 after German morale had collapsed both at home and on the battlefield.... More
Memories He served in Cuban waters during the Spanish-Cuban/American War and commanded the battleship RHODE IHe served in Cuban waters during the Spanish-Cuban/American War and commanded the battleship RHODE ISLAND patrolling the Atlantic coast during World War I. He was made admiral in 1923.... More
Other Memories
Julian Lane Latimer. -Appointed from West Virginia. Naval Cadet, September 30, 1886; Ensign, July 1, 1892; Lieutenant (junior grade), March 3, 1899, Lieutenant, July 1, 1899; "San Francisco," 1892-1898; "Monterey," 1899 to date. (Navy Records)
Criteria The Spanish War Service Medal commemorates certain service during the Spanish-American War. It was awarded for military service of not less than ninety days between April 20, 1898, and April 11, 1899,... The Spanish War Service Medal commemorates certain service during the Spanish-American War. It was awarded for military service of not less than ninety days between April 20, 1898, and April 11, 1899, to servicemen who were not eligible for the Spanish Campaign Medal. The Spanish War Service Medal was originally intended for members of the National Guard mobilized during the Spanish-American War but who were not eligible for the Spanish Campaign Medal. MoreHide
Description
He served in Cuban waters during the Spanish-Cuban/American War and commanded the battleship RHODE ISLAND patrolling the Atlantic coast during World War I. He was made admiral in 1923.
Other Memories Julian Lane Latimer. -Appointed from West Virginia. Naval Cadet, September 30, 1886; Ensign, July 1, 1892; Lieutenant (junior grade), March 3, 1899, Lieutenant, July 1, 1899; "San Francisco," 1892-1898; "Monterey," 1899 to date. (Navy Records)
Criteria The Spanish Campaign Medal was awarded for military service in, or on the high seas en route to, any of the following countries during the dates indicated: Cuba (May 11 to July 17, 1898), Puerto Rico ... The Spanish Campaign Medal was awarded for military service in, or on the high seas en route to, any of the following countries during the dates indicated: Cuba (May 11 to July 17, 1898), Puerto Rico (July 24 to August 13, 1898) or Philippine Islands (June 30 to 16 August 16, 1898). MoreHide
Description
He served in Cuban waters during the Spanish-Cuban/American War and commanded the battleship RHODE ISLAND patrolling the Atlantic coast during World War I. He was made admiral in 1923.
Description The Spanish–American War (Spanish: Guerra hispano-estadounidense or Guerra hispano-americana; Filipino: Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano) was a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. The Spanish–American War (Spanish: Guerra hispano-estadounidense or Guerra hispano-americana; Filipino: Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano) was a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana harbor in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War.
Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule. The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish–American War. There had been war scares before, as in the Virginius Affair in 1873. In the late 1890s, US public opinion was agitated by anti-Spanish propaganda led by newspaper publishers such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst which used yellow journalism to call for war. The business community across the United States had just recovered from a deep depression, and feared that a war would reverse the gains. They lobbied vigorously against going to war.
The US Navy battleship Maine was mysteriously sunk in Havana harbor; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid.[9] Spain promised time and time again that it would reform, but never delivered. The United States sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding that it surrender control of Cuba. First Madrid declared war, and Washington then followed suit.
The main issue was Cuban independence; the ten-week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. US naval power proved decisive, allowing expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already facing nationwide Cuban insurgent attacks and further wasted by yellow fever. Numerically superior Cuban, Philippine, and US forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and fierce fighting for positions such as San Juan Hill. Madrid sued for peace with two obsolete Spanish squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay and a third, more modern fleet recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts.
The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the US which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine islands. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($575,760,000 today) to Spain by the US to cover infrastructure owned by Spain.
The defeat and collapse of the Spanish Empire was a profound shock to Spain's national psyche, and provoked a thorough philosophical and artistic revaluation of Spanish society known as the Generation of '98.[ The United States gained several island possessions spanning the globe and a rancorous new debate over the wisdom of expansionism. It was one of only five US wars (against a total of eleven sovereign states) to have been formally declared by Congress.... More
Memories He served in Cuban waters during the Spanish-Cuban/American War and commanded the battleship RHODE IHe served in Cuban waters during the Spanish-Cuban/American War and commanded the battleship RHODE ISLAND patrolling the Atlantic coast during World War I. He was made admiral in 1923.... More
Other Memories Julian Lane Latimer. -Appointed from West Virginia. Naval Cadet, September 30, 1886; Ensign, July 1, 1892; Lieutenant (junior grade), March 3, 1899, Lieutenant, July 1, 1899; "San Francisco," 1892-1898; "Monterey," 1899 to date. (Navy Records)
Flag Commandant of the Philadelphia Navy Yard and Fourth Naval District.